GARDU-GARDU LISTRIK

Mungkin sering penasaran dengan keberadaan bangunan besar seperti gardu. Ukuran tidak selalu sama, ada yang seukuran gardu jaga, tapi ada pula yang seukuran kantor jaga keamanan. Lokasinya selalu kebanyakan di tepi jalan dekat dengan kawasan yang rasanya sudah ada sejak awal abad ke-19.

Ketika bangunan tersebut bercat kuning-merah-biru, barulah kita tahu kalau mereka gardu-gardu listrik yang merupakan aset PLN.









Sejarah Kelistrikan

Tentu saja, sejarah ketenagalistrikan di Indonesia sudah jauh ada sebelum PLN. Di internet saya menemukan sedikit sejarah ketenagalistrikan di Hindia Belanda yang dimulai pada akhir abad ke-19, ketika beberapa perusahaan Belanda mendirikan pembangkit tenaga listrik untuk keperluan sendiri. Pengusahaan tenaga listrik tersebut berkembang menjadi untuk kepentingan umum, diawali dengan perusahaan swasta Belanda yaitu NV NIGM (Nederlandsch Indie Gas Maatschappij) yang berdiri pada tahun 1897 yang memperluas usahanya dari hanya di bidang gas ke bidang tenaga listrik. Gedung kantornya yang monumental terletak tidak jauh dari Stasiun Gambir di Jakarta dan kini berfungsi sebagai Kantor Pusat PLN Jakarta Raya dan Tangerang. Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap waktu itu terletak di Gambir.








Sumber:

NV NIGM kemudian berubah menjadi NV OGEM yang mendapat ijin untuk melakukan usaha di Batavia, Jatinegara serta Tangerang sejak 1913. Perusahaan listrik saat itu tidak hanya satu, ada pula yang lain seperti NV GEBEO, ELECTRA, SEM dan NV AINEM yang punya ijin untuk beroperasi di Surabaya, Yogyakarta dan Surakarta. Termasuk pula pelayanan di luar Jawa seperti di Padang dan Medan yang juga telah berkembang.

Setelah sempat di bawah kendali Jepang, dalam situasi gelora kemerdekaan para karyawan listrik mengambil alih perusahaan-perusahaan listrik dan menyerahkannya pada Departemen Pekerjaan Umum dan Tenaga Kerja waktu itu. Pemerintah kemudian menetapkan tanggal 27 Oktober 1945 sebagai Hari Listrik.

Nasionalisasi perusahaan listrik secara masif berlangsung setelah KMB. Pada 1961, dibentuklah Badan Pemimpin Umum Perusahaan Listrik Negara (BPU-PLN) dan pada 1972, PLN berubah menjadi perusahaan umum listrik negara. Berikutnya, status PLN yang semula berada di bawah Departemen Pekerjaan Umum dan Tenaga Listrik beralih di bawah Departemen Pertambangan dan Energi pada tahun 1982. Sebelumnya, pada 13 Mei 1965, telah terjadi pemisahan antara listrik dan gas dan terbentuklah Perusahaan Gas Negara (PN Gas).

Gardu-Gardu Listrik Sekarang
Dengan berkembangnya teknologi, gardu-gardu berukuran besar tersebut banyak tidak digunakan lagi. Ada yang terbengkalai, namun sebagai aset PLN, meski tidak termanfaatkan banyak yang terawat baik dengan polesan cat baru berwarna.

Ada saja yang punya gagasan dalam memanfaatkan gardu-gardu tersebut. Yogyakarta rasanya kota yang punya banyak gagasan. Misalnya saja di Jalan Abu Bakar Ali, Gardu Listrik 6 kv atau Gardu Aniem (disebut demikian karena gardu itu merupakan warisan NV ANIEM). saat ini digunakan sebagai media sosialisasi PLN. Penambahan elemen-elemen serupa benteng sempat dikecam para pemerhati bangunan bersejarah.









Di Kota baru, gardu distribusi listrik no. 20 yang dibangun pada tahun 1918 untuk melayani kebutuhan listrik di kawasan Nieuw Wijk atau Kota Baru dimanfaatkan sebagai kanvas oleh Kelompok Seniman "Apotek Komik" ketika mereka giat dengan proyek Mural Kota. Bangunan itu hingga kini berlukiskan burung dan sangkar.

Sementara di Kotagede, Babon Anim yang letaknya tidak jauh dari Pasar Gedhe sudah berulang kali berubah fungsi. Sempat jadi pos polisi, gardu ini direncanakan untuk menjadi pos informasi wisata Kotagede. Ambruk ketika gempa tahun 2006, gardu ini berdiri tegak kembali seturut program rehabilitasi dan rekonstruksi di Kotagede.

Bagaimana dengan gardu-gardu lain?
Rasanya gagasan pemanfaatan perlu dikembangkan dengan terbuka pada inisiatif masyarakat. Dua contoh di Yogyakarta menunjukkan bagaimana masyarakat baik yang tinggal bersama gardu maupun yang tidak telah mendorong pelestarian gardu-gardu tersebut.





Babon Anim Kotagede




Lain-lain:
Perusahaan-Perusahaan Listrik Swasta & Kota Praja pada Masa Kolonial Hindia Belanda
(Sumber: http://www.pln-jabar.co.id/nama_perusahaan.htm)

1. NV NIGM
Nederlans Indische Waterkracht Electriciteit Maatschappij
Regionale Consessie: Batavia, Kebajoran, Meester Cornelis, Tangerang, Medan, Palembang, Makassar, Manado, Tandjung Karang en Atjeh.

2. NV ANIEM
Algerneen Nederlands Indische Electriciteit Maatschappij
Regionale Consessie: Oost Java, Centrale Java, Banjarmasin, Pontianak en Singkawang.

3. NV GEBEO
Gerneenschappelijke Electriciteit Bedrijven Bandung en Ornstreken
Regionale Consessie: West Java.

4. NV NIWEM
Nederlands Indische Waterkarch Electriciteit Maatschappij
Regionale Consessie: Samarinda en Tenggarong.

5. NV STEM
Samarinda Tenggarong Electriciteit Maatschappij
Regionale Consessie: Samarinda en Tenggarong.

6. NV EMBP
Electriciteit Maatschappij Balikpapan & Bagan Siapi-api
Regionale Consessie: Balikpapan & Bagan Siapi-api.

7. NV EMB
Electriciteit Maatschappij Banjumas
Regionale Consessie: Banjumas.

8. NV EMR
Electriciteit Maatschappij Rembang
Regionale Consessie: Rembang.

9. NV OJEM
Oost Java Electriciteit Maatschappij
Regionale Consessie: Lumajang en Situbondo.

10. NV ELECTRA
Electriciteit Maatschappij Electra
Regionale Consessie: Tulungagung.

11. NV SEM
Soloche Electriciteit Maatschappij
Regionale Consessie: Solo, Klaten en Bojolali.

12. NV EMS
Electriciteit Maatschappij Sumatra
Regionale Consessie: Bukittinggi en Sibolga.

13. NV EBALOM
Electriciteit Maatschappij Bali & Lombok
Regionale Consessie: Denpasar, Ampenena, Singaraja, Ternate en Gorontalo.

14. NV EMTO
Electriciteit Maatschappij Timor Onderhorigheden
Regionale Consessie: Kupang en Waingapu.

15. NV EMA
Electriciteit Maatschappij Ambon
Regionale Consessie: Ambon.

16. NV YOUNGE
Electriciteit Maatschappij SW Younge
Regionale Consessie: Tanjung Pinang.

17. NV PRAPAT
Electriciteit Maatschappij Prapat
Regionale Consessie: Prapat, Balige, Sidikalang en Sungai Penuh.

18. NV REB
Electriciteit Maatschappij Bedrijven
Regionale Consessie: Lamongan, Trenggalek, Kendangan en Barabai.

19. NV GEB
Gerneenlijke Electriciteit Bedrijven
Regionale Consession: Padang, Jambi, Pematang Siangar, Batavia, Rengat, Tandjung Balai, Turuntung en Madiun.
Regionale Consessie: Solo, Klaten en Bojolali.

ASIA FELLOWS AWARDS
~ASIAN STUDIES IN ASIA~

FUNDING AND ADMINISTRATION

The Asian Scholarship Foundation (ASF) is funded by a grant from the Ford Foundation. Its office in Bangkok administers the ASIA Fellows Awards in the region with assistance from its partner offices in Beijing, Hanoi, Jakarta, Manila, and New Delhi.

The ASF Board Management Committee is composed of twelve educational and public leaders from the People’s Republic of China, Northeast Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia. The Board Management Committee selects the fellows, oversees the program and makes policy decisions.

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

The principal goal of the ASIA Fellows Awards is to increase the overall awareness of intellectual resources in the countries of Northeast Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia and to contribute to the growth of long-range capabilities for cross-regional knowledge sharing. The ASIA Fellows Awards seek to develop regional expertise, establish a multilateral network of Asian specialists from many disciplines, professional fields and countries, stimulate interdisciplinary research and inter-societal comparison, and contribute to new developments within existing area studies communities. The awards offer opportunities for outstanding young and mid-career Asian scholars, and professionals to gain knowledge of the countries in the region and an understanding of the contexts that shape global and regional issues through research. They enable the awardees to conduct research in a participating Asian country for six to nine months.


ELIGIBILITY

1. Citizens of and residents in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, the People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, the Republic of Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam.

2. Master’s/doctoral degree or equivalent professional training and experiences (minimum of 3 years of university teaching experiences for scholars or 5 years of work experience for professionals.)

3. Applicants must be 45 years old or younger at the time of the application deadline. However, those up to 50 years old proposing to do research in the field of Humanities may be given special consideration.

4. Proficiency in English or in the language of the host country appropriate to the proposed research project.

5. Those who are currently enrolled in a degree program, or have just completed a degree program for less than one to two years will not be eligible to apply. Those who were a recipient of a Ford Foundation fellowship grant within the last two years prior to the application are also ineligible.


CONDITIONS OF THE AWARDS

1. The proposed research projects for the ASIA Fellows Awards can be carried out in only one participating country (except the applicant’s own) and under the following conditions:

a. No applicant can propose to conduct their research in Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan.

b. Applicants from Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore cannot undertake research in each other’s countries.

c. Applicants from Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan can only apply to conduct their research in Thailand, the host country of ASF.

2. Any part of the proposed project that will be done in the applicant’s own country will not be funded under the ASIA Fellows Awards.

3. The proposed grant period must be between 6 to 9 months. Once awarded, a fellow is required to conduct research at the proposed host country throughout the grant period. Splitting of the grant period or conducting research in the applicant’s own country during the proposed grant period is not allowed under any circumstances.

4. While an applicant from South Asia or Southeast Asia may propose a research project in a country within his/her own region, preference is given to applicants who propose to conduct research in a region of Asia other than their own (e.g., an award to an Indian scholar or professional for research in China).

5. Applicants should not plan to conduct their research in a country with which their home country has a difficult diplomatic relationship because of the uncertainties of securing an affiliation and obtaining a research clearance and visa for a long-term stay.

6. It is preferable that invitation letter or e-mail to confirm affiliation from a host institution be obtained and submitted together with the application.

7. Fellowship awards are not for the purpose of completing requirements towards an academic degree (master’s thesis or doctoral dissertations).


FELLOWSHIP ACTIVITIES

ASIA Fellows awardees are placed at top-ranking research universities and non-academic institutions such as museums, archives or think tanks. Fellows should identify preferred placements in host countries. They may engage in an organized field research in the host country. Fellows are strongly encouraged to undertake some language training in their host country as part of facilitating their research. They are also provided the opportunities to present guest lectures, or to conduct seminars and workshops at the invitation of the host institutions.

All fellows are required to attend the Orientation Program in conjunction with the Tenth Annual Conference to be held in Bangkok in June 2010. They are also required to start the award IMMEDIATELY after the orientation. At the end of the fellowship, fellows must submit to the ASF office in Bangkok evidence of the results of their research project in the form of publications, photos of artistic works, audio/ video productions, etc.


AWARDS BENEFITS

 Travel Allowance:
 Round-trip travel between home country and host country
 Maintenance Allowance:
 In-country living allowance to cover housing and other expenses.
N.B. No travel nor living allowance will be provided for dependents
 Limited accident and health insurance
 Field Trip/Language Training Allowance:
 For traveling within a host country, and a formal course on language training or with a private tutor in the host country
 Research Allowance:
 For research-related costs, computer purchase and internet connectivity to communicate with colleagues, other ASIA Fellows, and to access the Asian Scholarship Foundation Website
 Excess Baggage/Shipping Allowance


SELECTION PROCESS

Regional review committees composed of leading scholars from participating countries conduct an initial review of the applications. In mid-March, short-listed candidates are interviewed by the review committee at a meeting in Bangkok. (The Asian Scholarship Foundation covers the travel expenses of short-listed candidates.) The applications of recommended candidates are then forwarded to the multi-regional Board Management Committee which will make the final selection of ASIA Fellows Awards recipients in May 2010.


EXAMPLES OF RECENT ASIA FELLOWS AWARDS

1. “A Comparative Study on Indian and Dvaravati Architecture During the Mid 6th -10th Century A.D.” conducted by aThai archaeologist and hosted by the M.S. University of Baroda, Gujarat, India.

2. “Religious Beliefs of the Chinese in Vietnam – Buddhist and Catholic Perspectives,” conducted by an associate professor from China and hosted by Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, Vietnam.

3. “Media Development and Pluralism in Malaysia: A Third Eye View,” conducted by an assistant professor from Bangladesh and hosted by the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

(More examples of approved research projects under the ASIA Fellows Awards can be found at the ASF website.)


APPLICATION DEADLINE

All application materials must be received by the Asian Scholarship Foundation on or before January 15, 2010. The application form can be downloaded from the ASF website: http://www.asianscholarship.org; or can be requested via e-mail: info@asianscholaship.org.


TIMELINE OF ACTIVITIES

 March 2010 Interview of Short-listed Candidates in Bangkok
 May 2010 Awards Notification
 June 2010 Orientation Program and Tenth ASIA Fellows Annual Conference
 June 2010 Awards Begin


SUBMITTING THE APPLICATION

All applications must be sent to the ASF Office in Bangkok:

ASIA Fellows Awards
Asian Scholarship Foundation (ASF)
29 Vanissa Bldg., 4th Fl.
Chidlom, Ploenchit Rd., Pathumwan
Bangkok 10330, Thailand
Tel: (66-2) 655-1615-7
Fax: (66-2) 655-7977
E-mail: info@asianscholarship.org


CHECKLIST OF THE APPLICATION

Before submitting your application, have you attached all of the following?

1. Filled up application form
2. Research project statement
3. Curriculum vitae
4. Sealed letter of recommendation